Izinsongo ezingabonakali, thola umbulali ongabonakali emanzini

Unogada Ohlakaniphile, Umthombo Wokuphila

Ngokusheshisa kwezimboni kanye nokuhlala kwabantu emadolobheni, ukukhishwa kwendle kubangele ukungcola okukhulu kakhulu endaweni yamanzi kanye nemithombo yamanzi. Amanzi angcolile asezimbonini aphathwe ngendlela engafanele kanye nendle yasekhaya aqukethe inani elikhulu lezinto eziyingozi, njengezinsimbi ezisindayo, ukungcola kwamakhemikhali kanye nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Lezi zinto azibhubhisi nje kuphela ibhalansi yesistimu yamanzi, okuholela ekukhuleni kwemithombo yamanzi kanye nokunciphisa ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, kodwa zisongela ukuphepha kwemithombo yamanzi okuphuza, zivimbela intuthuko esimeme yezolimo, ezokudoba kanye nezimboni, futhi zandisa izindleko zokuphathwa komphakathi kanye nokuvuselelwa kwemvelo. Ngakho-ke, ukuqinisa izinyathelo zokuqapha nokuvimbela ukungcola kwamanzi kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha kwemithombo yamanzi, ukugcina indawo yemvelo kanye nokuzinza komphakathi..

ISICELO

01 Ukuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi agelezayo

Indawo yokuphuma indle iyindlela eqondile yokungena kwendle emanzini emvelo. Ngakho-ke, ukuqapha okuqinile ikhwalithi yamanzi endaweni yokuphuma kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile sokulawula imithombo yokungcola nokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yezindawo zamanzi ezingezansi komfula. Ukuqapha indawo yokuphuma indle kuvame ukubhekisa ezindaweni ezikhipha amanzi njengezindawo zokuhlanza indle zasemadolobheni, izindawo zokuphuma zamabhizinisi ezimbonini, kanye nezindawo zokukhipha amanzi emvula. Ngokuqapha okuvamile noma okuqhubekayo, kungenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhwalithi yamanzi akhishwayo ihlangabezana nezindinganiso zikazwelonke noma zendawo, kanye nokuthola ngokushesha nokulungisa ukukhishwa kwamanzi ngokweqile.

• Isidingo se-oxygen yamakhemikhali (i-COD): inkomba ebalulekile yokulinganisa okuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo emanzini.
• Isidingo se-oxygen se-biochemical (BOD): sibonisa inani lezinto eziphilayo ezibola emanzini.
• I-Ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N): Ihlola ukugcwala kwamakhemikhali e-nitrogen emanzini. Inani eliningi kakhulu lingaholela ekukhuleni kwe-eutrophic emanzini.
• I-phosphorus ephelele (TP): Njenge-ammonia nitrogen, i-phosphorus eningi ingabangela ukwakheka kwe-eutrophic emizimbeni yamanzi.
• Izinto eziqinile ezimisiwe (SS): Kubonisa izinto eziqinile ezinganyibiliki emanzini, njengezihlabathi, izinhlayiya eziphilayo, njll.
• Inani le-pH: Lilinganisa i-pH yamanzi. Ukuphakama kakhulu noma okuphansi kakhulu kuzothinta ukusinda kwezilwane zasemanzini.
• I-Oxygen Encibilikisiwe (DO): Kubalulekile ekulondolozeni imvelo yasemanzini, i-DO ephansi ingaholela ekubulaweni kwezinhlanzi.

02. Ukuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi emifuleni engenhla nangezansi

Imifula iyithwala elikhulu lamanzi angaphezulu, futhi izimo zekhwalithi yamanzi ezindaweni ezahlukene ezingenhla nangezansi komfula zibonisa ngqo isimo sokungcola esigodini. Ikhwalithi yamanzi angenhla komfula inquma ukuphepha kwamanzi ezindaweni ezingezansi komfula; kuyilapho ikhwalithi yamanzi angezansi komfula ibonisa ngokuphelele umthwalo wokungcola komfula wonke. Ngokuqapha isikhathi eside izingxenye eziningi ezingenhla nangezansi komfula, ububanzi kanye nezinga lethonya lemithombo yokungcola kungahlolwa, kuhlinzekwe isisekelo sesayensi sokwakha amasu okuphatha nokuvikela imithombo yamanzi anengqondo.

• Amapharamitha ajwayelekile ekhwalithi yamanzi: kufaka phakathi inani le-pH, izinga lokushisa, ukuhanjiswa kwamandla, umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe (DO), ukukhukhumala, njll. La mapharamitha angaqonda ngokushesha izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zomzimba wamanzi.
• Usawoti wezakhamzimba: njenge-ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), i-nitrate (NO₃), i-nitrite (NO₂), kanye ne-phosphorus ephelele (TP), esetshenziselwa ukuhlola ingozi yokuqothuka kwemizimba yamanzi.
• Izinto ezingcolisa izinto eziphilayo: njengesidingo se-oxygen yamakhemikhali (i-COD) kanye nesidingo se-oxygen yamakhemikhali (i-BOD), ezisetshenziswa ukuhlola izinga lokungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo.

03 Ukuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi echibini nasedamini

Amachibi namachibi okudayisa amanzi akuzona nje izindawo zokugcina amanzi ahlanzekile ezibalulekile kodwa futhi ziwumthombo oyinhloko wamanzi okuphuza ezindaweni eziningi zasemadolobheni nasemaphandleni. Ngenxa yokuthi avaliwe, uma esengcolile, ukululama kunzima. Ngakho-ke, kudingeka ukulandelela nokuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi yalezi zindawo zamanzi isikhathi eside, kugxilwe kakhulu ezindabeni ezifana nokususwa kwamanzi emzimbeni kanye nokungcola kwensimbi esindayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhwalithi yamanzi emachibini nasemadamu okudayisa amanzi ivame ukushintsha kancane, kodwa uma yonakala, ingaba nomthelela wesikhathi eside ezimisweni zemvelo nasempilweni yabantu.

• Usawoti wezakhamzimba: njenge-ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), i-nitrate (NO₃), i-nitrite (NO₂), kanye ne-phosphorus ephelele (TP), esetshenziselwa ukuhlola ingozi yokuqothuka kwemizimba yamanzi.
• Ukucaca: Ngokulinganisa ukucaca komzimba wamanzi, inani lokugcwala kanye nenani le-algae emzimbeni wamanzi lingahlolwa ngokungaqondile.
• I-Oxygen Encibilikisiwe (DO): Kubalulekile ekulondolozeni imvelo yasemanzini, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokushisa okuphezulu ehlobo. I-oxygen encibilikisiwe ephansi ingabangela ukufa kwezinhlanzi. Inani le-pH: Lilinganisa i-pH yamanzi. Ephakeme kakhulu noma ephansi kakhulu izothinta ukusinda kwempilo yasemanzini.
• Izinto ezingcolisa izinto eziphilayo: njengesidingo se-oxygen yamakhemikhali (i-COD) kanye nesidingo se-oxygen yamakhemikhali (i-BOD), ezisetshenziswa ukuhlola izinga lokungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo.

04 Ukuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba

Njengomthombo wamanzi ofihliwe obalulekile, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba adlala indima engenakuphindwa ekugcineni ibhalansi yemvelo kanye nokuhlangabezana nezidingo zamanzi abantu. Kodwa-ke, imithombo yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba isengozini yokungcoliswa okuvela kumanyolo wezolimo, ukuvuza kwezibulala-zinambuzane, ukuvuza kwamanzi angcolile ezimbonini kanye nezinye izici. Ngenxa yesilinganiso sokuvuselelwa kancane kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, uma esengcolisiwe, ukululama kunzima kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukuqapha isikhathi eside ikhwalithi yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kunganikeza isixwayiso kusenesikhathi ngezingozi zokungcola ezingaba khona futhi kuvikele lo mthombo oyigugu.

• Imingcele yekhwalithi yamanzi evamile: kufaka phakathi inani le-pH, ukuhanjiswa kwamandla, ukuncibilika (DO), izinga lokushisa, njll., elisetshenziselwa ukuhlola izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
• Usawoti wezakhamzimba: njenge-ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), i-nitrate (NO₃), i-nitrite (NO₂), kanye ne-phosphorus ephelele (TP), esetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukuthi amanzi angaphansi komhlaba angcoliswe yini yimithombo yezolimo engeyona indawo.
• Izinsimbi ezisindayo: njenge-lead, i-mercury, i-cadmium, i-chromium, njll., ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezithintekile yimisebenzi yezimboni.
• Ama-organic compounds aguquguqukayo (ama-VOC): njenge-benzene, i-toluene, i-xylene, njll., avame ukuvela eduze kwe-petrochemical, ukukhiqizwa kwe-elekthronikhi kanye neminye imboni.
• Ama-organic compounds aguquguqukayo kancane (ama-SVOC): Njenge-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ama-PAHS), ama-polychlorinated biphenyls (ama-PCB), njll. Lezi zinto zizinzile endaweni ezungezile futhi kunzima ukuzibhubhisa.

Ukuqoqwa kanye nokudluliswa

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunemba nokusebenza kwangempela kokuqapha ukungcola kwekhwalithi yamanzi, kudingeka kusetshenziswe izinzwa zekhwalithi yamanzi ezingenantambo. I-Mingkong isebenzisa izinzwa ezinembe kakhulu ukukala amapharamitha ekhwalithi yamanzi (njenge-COD, i-BOD, i-ammonia nitrogen, i-phosphorus ephelele, njll.) ezungeze indawo yokuphuma noma imithambeka ephezulu nephansi yomfula. (izinsimbi ezisindayo, njll.), imishini isekela izindlela ezintathu zokuxhumana ze-Netcom 4G noma i-NB ukuze kufinyelelwe idatha yokuqapha epulatifomu yokuqapha ngenethiwekhi engenantambo ye-4G noma ye-NB, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ipulatifomu yokuqapha kanye nabasebenzisi beselula bangathola ulwazi olunembile lwekhwalithi yamanzi ngesikhathi esifanele, ukuze kuphathwe kahle futhi kuhlinzekwe isisekelo esiqinile sokwenza izinqumo.

Ukubaluleka kokwakhiwa

1. Qinisekisa ukuphepha kwemithombo yamanzi

Ukuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi ngesikhathi sangempela ohlelweni lokukhipha amanzi kuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwemithombo yamanzi okuphuza, kuvikela impilo yomphakathi futhi kuvimbele ukusabalala kwezifo.

2. Khuthaza ukuvikelwa kwemvelo

Nciphisa ukukhishwa kokungcola, thuthukisa ikhwalithi yamanzi, uvikele imvelo yasemanzini, futhi uthuthukise ikhwalithi yendawo ezungezile yasemadolobheni.

3. Thuthukisa amakhono okuphendula eziphuthumayo

Xwayisa ngokushesha ngezimo eziphuthumayo zemvelo, nikeza ukwesekwa kwedatha ngesikhathi sangempela, futhi usize iminyango efanele ukuthi ithathe izinyathelo eziphuthumayo ngokushesha.

4. Thuthukisa izinga lokuphathwa kwedolobha

Ukuqapha okuhlakaniphile kusiza ekubuseni okunembile, kuthuthukisa ukwabiwa kwezinsiza, kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuphatha, futhi kunciphisa izindleko zokulawula ukungcola kwemvelo.

Amacala angaphambilini

Iphrojekthi yokuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi amdaka ezibhedlela zasemadolobheni
Le phrojekthi itholakala eDolobheni laseYancheng, eSifundazweni saseJiangsu. Iqapha kakhulu ikhwalithi yamanzi amdaka asesibhedlela. Amanzi amdaka asesibhedlela aqukethe izinto eziningi eziyingozi (njengezinsalela zemithi, amagciwane, njll.), ezibeka izinsongo ezingaba khona emvelweni nasempilweni yabantu. Qinisekisa ukuqapha ukukhishwa kwamanzi amdaka esibhedlela ngesikhathi sangempela, ukuthola nokusingatha izimo ezingavamile ngesikhathi esifanele, ukubona ukuboniswa nokuhlaziywa kwedatha ngesikhathi sangempela ngeplatifomu yokuqapha, nokusekela ukubikezela izitayela kanye nama-alamu angavamile.

Sinamathela “entanjeni yokuphila” yedolobha futhi siqinisekisa ukuphepha kwemithombo yamanzi okuphuza ngokuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi ngesikhathi sangempela, ngenkathi sinciphisa ukukhishwa kokungcola, sivikela imvelo yasemanzini, futhi sikhuthaza ukuvikelwa kwemvelo. Ukuphathwa okuhlakaniphile kohlelo lokuqapha kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuphathwa kwedolobha, kuthuthukisa ukwabiwa kwezinsiza, kuthuthukisa amakhono okuphendula eziphuthumayo eziphuthumayo zemvelo, kuthuthukisa ukuqina kwedolobha, futhi kufeza amasu esikhathi eside entuthuko esimeme.